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Erikson's Stages Of Psychosocial Development
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development were developed by
Erik Erikson, and describe eight developmental
stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from
infancy to late adulthood.
In each stage the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challenges.
Each stage builds on the successful completion of earlier stages. The
challenges of stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear
as problems in the future.
| Age |
Psychosocial crisis |
Significant relations |
Psychosocial modalities |
Psychosocial virtues |
Maladaptations/malignancies |
| 0-1, Infant |
trust vs mistrust |
mother |
to get, to give in return |
hope, faith |
sensory distortion, withdrawal |
| 2-3, Toddler |
autonomy vs shame and doubt |
parents |
to hold on, to let go |
will, determination |
impulsivity, compulsion |
| 3-6, Preschooler |
initiative vs guilt |
family |
to go after, to play |
purpose, courage |
ruthlessness, inhibition |
| 7-12, School-age child |
industry vs inferiority |
neighborhood and school |
to complete, to make things together |
competence |
narrow virtuosity, inertia |
| 12-18, Adolescent |
ego-identity vs role-confusion |
peer groups, role models |
to be oneself, to share oneself |
fidelity, loyalty |
fanaticism, repudiation |
| 20-45, Young adult |
intimacy vs isolation |
partners, friends |
to lose and find oneself in another |
love |
promiscuity, exclusivity |
| 30-65, Middle aged adult |
generativity vs self-absorption |
household, co-workers |
to make actual, to take care of |
care |
overextension, rejectivity |
| 50+, Old adult |
integrity vs despair |
mankind or 'my kind' |
to be, through having been, to face not being |
wisdom |
presumption despair |
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