Since online therapists do not have real-world interactions with clients, some ethical concerns become more difficult.Therapists should be sure to obtain informed consent from all e-clients and be cautious to respect professional limitations.


Informed consent is a legal procedure to ensure that a patient or client knows all of the risks and costs involved in a treatment.


The basics of informed consents include informing the client

• The nature of the treatment



• Possible substitute treatments



• The potential risks



• Benefits of the treatment.

In addition to informed consent, therapists have a legal duty to warn. Duty to warn refers to the duty of a counselor or therapist is to inform third parties or authorities if a client poses a risk to himself or herself or to another individual.

Legal duty to warn was established in the case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976) , where a therapist failed to inform a young woman and her parents of specific death threats made by a client. The young woman was later killed and her family sued the therapy provider.

Duty to warn can be particularly problematic online, because a therapist may not even know a client's real name or geographic position. It is also difficult for therapists to judge a client's potential for violence because of the lack of body language and vocal cue.

While therapists can treat clients from all over the globe,they should stick on to the laws and ethical guidelines of the state or country where they are put into practice.

When was the last time you forgot to call back or couldn't remember where you left your car keys? Chances are strong that it wasn't very long ago. Forgetting is a surprising common incidence, but it can sometimes be difficult to recognize why we forget. Students often find themselves stare at a fill-in-the-blank question on an examination, absolutely sure that that information is somewhere in their brainpower and yet they are unable to memorize the answer.


What are some of the main reasons why we forget information? One of today's best known memory researchers, Elizabeth Loftus, has identified four major reasons why people forget:

• Retrieval failure


• Interference


• Failure to store


• Motivated forgetting.

Retrieval failure:

One reason for why retrieval fails is known as decay theory. According to this theory, a memory trace is produced every time a new theory is formed. Decay theory suggest that over time, these memory traces begin to fade and disappear. If information is not retrieved and rehearsed, it will eventually be lost.

Interference:

Another theory known as interference theory suggests that some
memories struggle and interfere with other memories.When information is very much related to other information that was previously stored in memory,interference is more likely to occur.

Failure to store:

We also forget information because it never in fact made it into long-term memory. Encoding failures occasionally prevent information from entering long-term memory. In one well-known experiment, researchers asked participants to identify the correct U.S. penny out of a cluster of incorrect pennies(Nickerson & Adams).Try doing this experiment yourself by attempting to draw a penny from memory, and then compare your outcome to an actual penny.

Motivated forgetting:

Sometimes,we may actively work to forget memories, especially those of traumatic or disturbing events or experiences.The two basic forms of motivated forgetting are: suppression,a conscious form of forgetting, and repression,an unconscious form of forgetting.

The study was made by Virginia Berninger, a University of Washington professor of educational psychology who studies typical writing development and writing disabilities, looked at children's capacity to write the alphabet, sentences and essays using a pen and a keyboard.

It was seen that children's writes better wit a pen when they write essays. They wrote more sentences in faster manner. Keyboard was better than the pen only for writing alphabets.For making sentence the results was mixed.

All the children's three grade levels created longer essays when using a pen. The complete sentence is made by the fourth and sixth grade children's in a faster rate. The capacity to write complete sentences was not exaggerated by the children's spelling skills

Children first have to be aware of what a sentence or a complete thought is before they can write one, Berninger said. Talking is very different from writing. We don't talk in complete sentence. In conversation we make units smaller and larger than sentences.

Studying the paranormal through the course called Anomalistic Psychology:

High school students in Britain are making their way back to the classroom, and one of the courses being offered this year is a new one: Anomalistic Psychology. It is the study of the paranormal. They are

Telepathy

Psychic healing

Near-death experiences

Alien abduction claims.

Anomalistic psychology may be defined as the study of amazing phenomena of behaviour and knowledge, including those which are often named paranormal

Reduplicative Paramnesia

Reduplicative paramnesia is the delusional belief that a place or location has been duplicated,
existing in two or more places simultaneously, or that it has been ‘relocated' to another site.

Cotard Delusion

The Cotard delusion is a rare psychiatric disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief
that he or she is dead, does not exist, is putrefying or has lost their blood or internal organs

Fregoli Delusion

The exact opposite of the Capgras delusion - the Fregoli delusion is a rare disorder in which a
person holds a delusional belief that different people are in fact a single person who changes
appearance or is in disguise

Capgras Delusion

The Capgras delusion is a rare disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that an acquaintance,
usually a spouse or other close family member, has been replaced by an identical looking impostor.

Jerusalem Syndrome

The Jerusalem syndrome is the name given to a group of mental phenomena involving the presence of either
religiously themed obsessive ideas, delusions or other psychosis-like experiences that are triggered by, or
lead to, a visit to the city of Jerusalem.

Stendhal Syndrome

Stendhal Syndrome is a psychosomatic illness that causes rapid heartbeat, dizziness, confusion and even
hallucinations when an individual is exposed to art, usually when the art is particularly ‘beautiful' or a
large amount of art is in a single place.

Paris Syndrome

Paris syndrome is a condition exclusive to Japanese tourists and nationals, which causes them to have a mental
breakdown while in the famous city.

Diogenes Syndrome

Diogenes was an ancient Greek philosopher, who lived in a wine barrel and promoted ideas of nihilism and animalism.
Famously, when he was asked by Alexander the Great what he wanted most in the world, he replied, “For you to get out of
my sunlight!

Lima Syndrome

The exact opposite of Stockholm syndrome - this is where the hostage takers become more sympathetic to the plights
and needs of the hostages.

Stockholm syndrome

Stockholm syndrome is a psychological response sometimes seen in an abducted hostage, in which the hostage shows
signs of sympathy, loyalty or even voluntary compliance with the hostage taker, regardless of the risk in which the
hostage has been placed. The syndrome is also discussed in other cases, including those of wife-beating, rape and child abuse.

Acupuncture became accepted in the United States after President Richard Nixon visited China in 1972,sparking widespread awareness in traditional Chinese medicine. Today, millions of Americans undergo acupuncture procedures every year using techniques that were developed in China, Japan, and Korea.

Acupuncture is a medical practice based on the belief that ailments outcome from imbalances in the body.This discord in yin and yang—the forces that govern all aspects of life, including health—is caused by the disruption or blockage of energy, or chi.Acupuncturists kindle points along energy pathways in the body using thin metal needles, massage, heat, lasers, and magnets. There are many forms of acupuncture,the most widely known of which is traditional Chinese acupuncture. Some acupuncturists are medical doctors, and some also have master's degree in acupuncture